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Diagnostic Imaging in Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) - mod. TECHNIQUES AND PROTOCOLS RM
LUIGI IMPERIALE

Seat Medicina e Chirurgia
A.A. 2013-2014
Credits 2
Hours 20
Period 1^ semestre
Language ENG
U-gov code MT07-11-11 MT033

Prerequisites

Basic knowledge of physics in particular the principles of electromagnetism.
Good knowledge of anatomy for image understanding and planning of diagnostic tests.

Development of the course

The course covers  the knowledge of the techniques of magnetic resonance imaging study including advanced imaging techniques for a correct execution of the methods through study protocols.

Learning outcomes

After completing this module the student must be able to know, then describe and discuss the preparation of the patient, how to perform technical and methodological examination of MRI of the CNS including angiographic and functional examinations, the district thoracic, abdominal, cardiac, angiographic and osteoarticular.
Must be able to identify the different sequences to be made in relation to the specific diagnostic question, knowing the clinical applications and their positioning.
The student must also have knowledge of the main parameters of the sequences used to characterize the contrast of the image, knowing how to recognize and eliminate where possible the main artifacts depending on the quality of the examination.

Program

Notes on the MRI equipment : magnets : permanent magnets , resistive magnets , hybrid magnets , superconducting magnets .
Gradients : Characteristics of gradients , gradient layer selection , phase encoding gradient , frequency encoding gradient .
Coils: Coils of radio frequency transmitting and receiving coils , surface coils , phased array coils , shimming coils , coils shielding.
- Work on the phenomenon of magnetic resonance imaging :
Genesis of the signal : the magnetic moment , Boltzmann statistics , the phenomenon of precession , the Larmor equation , FID.
Contrast in MRI : intrinsic factors , relaxation T1, T2 and T2 * , proton density , proton movement speed .
Extrinsic factors , the basic parameters of the sequences , geometric parameters (FOV , matrix), contrast parameters ( TR, TE , TI, Flip Angle) .
 -Safety in RM : Contraindications execution of the examination, legislation and major sources of risk.
System - pulse generation : spin echo and gradient echo .
Sequences - conventional Spin Echo , Inversion Recovery ( STIR , FLAIR , SPIR , spair) Advantages and applications.
- Rapid sequences : Gradient Echo , Fast Spin Echo Turbo or , Gradient echo and spin echo ( GRASE ) . Advantages and applications.
Ultrafast - Sequences : Echo Planar (EPI) , SSFSE (Single Shot Fast Spin Echo ) or Haste (Half Fourier Acquisition Single Shot Turbo Spin Echo ) .
- Special Sequences : True FISP (Fiesta , Balanced , Ciss ) , SWI , DIR .
>From the signal - image : FID , K -space, FT ( Fourier Transform ) , parallel imaging .
- Artifacts in MRI : motion, flow , chemical shift , cross talking , wrap around artifacts from radio frequency , magnetic susceptibility artifacts , artifacts Gibbs , how to recognize them and how to avoid them .
 Advanced imaging techniques : MRA (TOF , Phase Contrast , CE- MRA , Tricks , 4D ) , diffusion imaging (DWI) , perfusion imaging ( PWI ) , spectroscopy (MRS) , functional MRI ( fMRI) .
 Notes on the classification and characteristics of contrast agents in MRI
Investigation protocols
RM SNC:
⁻ Brain ( with and without contrast medium ) ,
⁻ Cervical -dorsal -lumbar spine ( with and without contrast medium ) ,
⁻ Angio RM district intracranial vascular and neck vessels .
RM chest

RM Breasts
RM upper and lower abdomen( without and with contrast medium)
MR cholangiopancreatography
Female pelvic MRI (with and without contrast medium)
Cardiac MRI (with and without contrast medium)
MRA of the district chest
MRA of the upper and lower
MRA of the lower limbs
EnteroRM
UroRM
RM Osteo -articular :
-RM basin ,
-RM knee ,
-RM wrist,
-RM hand ,

-RM Shoulder
-RM ankle joint

Development of the examination

The student must pass a written exam with open questions and an oral test on study protocols in the program.

Recommended reading

1. Titolo: Principi di Risonanza Magnetica
2. Autore: Donald G. Mitchell
3. Casa Editrice: Centro scientifico editore;

 

1. Titolo: Diagnostica per immagini  Tomografia Computerizzata Risonanza Magnetica     II edizione
2. Autore: Antonino Lentini Rita Golfieri
3. Casa Editrice: PICCIN;

 

1. Titolo: The Basic of MRI
2. Autore: Joseph P. Hornak Ph. D.;

 

1. Titolo: Tecniche di Tomografia computerizzata e di Risonanza magnetica
2. Autore: Luigi Cei
3. Casa Editrice: Società Editrice Universo;

Courses

• Tecniche di Radiologia Medica, per Immagini e Radioterapia