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Conventional and Contrastographic Imaging Diagnostic - mod. DIAGNOSTIC TECHNIQUES
GIOVANNI MAZZONI

Seat Medicina e Chirurgia
A.A. 2013-2014
Credits 2
Hours 20
Period 2^ semestre
Language ENG
U-gov code MT07-11-11 MT023

Prerequisites

Knowledge of the topography of the osteoarticular system and of the trunk (thorax and abdomen).

Development of the course

The student will gain an understanding of the parameters and factors that influence the quality of conventional radiographic X-ray. The student will understand and be able to describe the main osteoarticular radiographic projections and the main conventional radiology techniques currently used in various clinical situations for the study of the cardio-respiratory system, plain abdomen, digestive and urinary tracts.

Learning outcomes

COURSE OBJECTIVES: Know and use the parameters that affect the quality of radiographic X-ray images generated by means of conventional radiology. Be able to systematically describe the methodological and technical aspects of the main projections of the skeletal system and joints. Be able to systematically describe the methodological and technical aspects of the main techniques currently used in conventional radiology in various clinical situations for the study of the cardio-respiratory system, plain abdomen, digestive and urinary tracts. Identify the criteria of correctness for radiographic images for the main projections of the skeletal system and joints and major conventional radiology techniques currently used for the study of the cardio-respiratory system, plain abdomen, digestive and urinary tracts.

Program

Radiographic image quality: factors in the film. Characteristic curve (optical density, contrast, speed, latitude). Treatment (time, temperature). Radiographic image quality: individual factors. Contrast (type, no atomic thickness and density of the tissue, and kVp X beam, contrast dye, scattered radiation). Gradient motion. Radiographic image quality: geometric factors. Spatial resolution (half-light, magnification, distortion). Positions and radiological projections. Main positions of the patient. Projection of radiological planes and axes of the human body. Technical terminology for the identification of the main radiological projections. METHODOLOGY AND TECHNIQUE IN THE STUDY OF THE SKELETAL AND ARTICULAR SYSTEM Projections of the cervical spine (AP, LL, oblique, transoral route, the "Swimmer" for the cervical spine). Dynamic-state projections. Projections of the cervical spine (AP, LL) Projections of the lumbar spine (AP, LL, oblique). Lumbosacral transition: the AP and LL. Dynamic-state projections. Radiographic study of the spine as a whole: the AP and LL projections in an upright position. Projections of the sacro-coccyx (AP, LL). The rib cage. Projections of the ribs (AP, PA, oblique) and sternum (oblique, LL). The shoulder girdle. Projections of the clavicle (AP, PA, craniocaudal sub axial) and sterno-clavicular joint. The scapula (AP projections, LL, the Swimmer). The shoulder joint (AP projection in external rotation and internal oblique, axial). AP projection for the study of the acromioclavicular joint. Projections of the humerus (AP, LL). The elbow joint (AP projections, LL, oblique, axial). The ulna and radius (AP projections, LL). Projections of the wrist: PA, LL, axial. Projections for the study of the scaphoid, the pyramidal and pisiform bone. The hand: PA projections, LL and oblique. Projections of individual fingers. The pelvic girdle. Projections of the pelvis: AP, oblique iliac wing and sacroiliac synchondrosis, PA and axial bone. Hip joint: AP projections in internal rotation, axial, semi-axial, oblique. Projections of the femur (AP, LL). The knee joint: AP projections, LL, PA for the patella, patient prone and supine axial, 30 ° -60 ° -90 °. Tibia and fibula (AP projections, LL, oblique). Projections of the ankle (AP, LL, oblique). The foot. PA projections, LL, oblique. Projections for the study of the calcaneus (LL, axial). The skull X-ray-anatomical main planes and reference lines. The main landmarks. Projections of fronto-occipital, occipital-face-nose, lying prone and supine LL, fronto-occipital-Worms Bretton, Axial submento-top, semi-axial, occipital-chin-nose. Projections of the petrous bone: a Stenvers, Chausse 3 ° incidence, Schuller. Projections for the study of the jaw, temporomandibular joint, nasal bone, the zygomatic arch. Dental care apparatus. Orthopantomography cephalometric and skull AP and LL projections. METHODOLOGY AND TECHNIQUES IN THE STUDY OF THE CARDIO-RESPIRATORY SYSTEM Exposure techniques in traditional standard chest X-rays (techniques without a grid with medium radiation hardness - hard ray technique with portable grid - hard ray techniques with air gap - hard ray technique modelled with filter). Phosphor digital radiography and digital radiography direct photostimulation: evaluation techniques and advantages. Standard study of the chest: methods of PA and LL projections. Screening for decentralized lung apices. Radiogram in exhaling. Chest radiography in bed. The study of the cardiac shadow. Outline of stratigraphy lung. METHODOLOGY AND TECHNIQUES IN THE STUDY OF THE PLAIN ABDOMEN AND ABDOMEN WITHOUT CONTRAST Anatomical and radiographic anatomy assumptions Techniques and methodology of examination in various clinical situations. METHODOLOGY AND TECHNIQUE IN THE STUDY OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM Pharynx: study techniques (direct examination - examination contrast medium). Esophagus: a method of examining the esophagus with barium. Standard methodology (study of a large filling, study of small filling, double-contrast technique or surface examination. Stomach and duodenum: study with double-contrast technique. Principle and technical assumptions. Materials and tools. Technique and methodology. Process development for the various phases of the examination. Small intestine: a series study "orally administered". Enteroclysis (or barium) of the small intestine: patient preparation. Materials and tools. Technique and methodology. Process development for the various phases of the examination. Large intestine: a double contrast barium enema. Technical requirements and critics. Preparation of the patient. Materials and tools. Techniques and methodology. Process development for the various phases of the examination. Documentation standards and targeted. METHODOLOGY AND TECHNIQUES IN THE STUDY OF THE URINARY TRACT The x-ray of the abdomen and the stratigraphy for the study of the urinary tract. Uro-angiographic contrast media: contrast effect, tolerability, toxicity and intolerance. Urography: patient preparation. Techniques and methodology. Process development for the various phases of the examination. Documentation standards and targeted. Ascending pyelography. Ascending or retrograde cystography. Cystography with chain. Uretrocistography in the male (ascending or retrograde - urination or descending). Cysto-urethrography in the female.

Development of the examination

Students are required to take a preliminary written test aimed at verifying the knowledge of the factors that influence radiographic image quality and an oral exam in which they are asked to describe the techniques of radiology conventions and relative radiographic projections covered during the course.

Recommended reading

1. ADLER A.M., CARLTON A.M. Assistenza di Base alla Persona. Elementi per il Tecnico di Radiologia. Edizione Italiana a cura di A. Beux, M.A. Ciccone. Milano, Mc Graw-Ill, 2004.
2. CARRIERO A., PAPA A., BORRACCINO C. Diagnostica per Immagini. Radiologia Convenzionale. Tavole Teorico-Pratiche. Napoli, Idelson-Gnocchi, 2008.
3. FOSBINDER R.A., KELSEY C.A. L’Immagine Radiologica. Tecnologie e Tecniche di Acquisizione. Edizione Italiana a cura di A. Beux, M.A. Ciccone, M. Guerrini. Milano, Mc Graw-Ill, 2003.
4. MAZZUCATO F. Anatomia Radiologica. Tecnica e Metodologia Propedeutiche alla Diagnostica mediante Immagini. (III Edizione - n.3 volumi). Padova, Piccin Nuova Libreria Spa, 2009.
5. OLIVETTI L.: Professione TSRM. Milano, Springer-Verlag Italia, 2013.
6. MARTINO F., SOLARINO M. Radiologia Scheletrica: Tecnica Radiografica e Misurazioni. Napoli, Idelson Gnocchi, 1998.

Courses

• Tecniche di Radiologia Medica, per Immagini e Radioterapia