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Human Physiology - mod. HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY
PAOLO BARBARESI

Seat Medicina e Chirurgia
A.A. 2013-2014
Credits 8
Hours 80
Period 1^ semestre
Language ENG
U-gov code MU02-09-11 OD517

Prerequisites

A good knowledge of Anatomy and Biochemistry

Development of the course
The student is required to gain a thorough knowledge of the functions of human cells and organs in physiological conditions as well as of the role of the different components of body systems

Learning outcomes
At the end of the Course the student should be aware of the basic mechanisms underpinning the functioning of body systems and apparatuses and of how they are dynamically integrated in physiological conditions. The student should also be thoroughly familiar with the general mechanisms responsible for the functional control of body systems in physiological conditions.

Program

General Physiology of the Nervous System-Principles of cell homeostasis- Composition and structures of cell membranes – Ionic basis of membrane potentials – Electrogenic pump and resting potentials – Excitation and conduction in nerve fibers – Action potential – Saltatory conduction – Classification of fiber types – Synaptic transmission – The neuron doctrine – Synaptic ultrastructure – The neurotransmitters - EPSP – IPSP - Central nervous mechanisms in sensation – Sensory receptors and neural encoding – Quickly and slowly adapting receptors – The receptive field – Spatial and temporal discrimination – Dorsal ascending system/Lemniscal system – Anterolateral system – Thalmocortical components of somatic afferents - The ventrobasal complex/thalamic nuclei activated by anterolateral system – Somatic sensory areas of the cerebral cortex – Columnar organization – Pain and Temperature sensibilities – Pain receptors – Pheripheral transducer mechanisms in pain – The triple response – HT and WDR neurons – Referred pain and visceral pain – Endogenueos analgesia – Enkephalins and opiate receptors – The chemical senses - Olfaction – Olfactory receptors and olfactory pathways – Neural coding and transduction – Gustation – Taste receptors and gustatory pathways - Neural coding and transduction – Visual system – Physiology of the retina – Photoreceptors and receptors excitation – Ganglion cells function and classification – Central neural mechanisms – Organization of the retinogeniculate pathways and the striate cortex –

Physiology of Skeletal, cardiac and smooth muscle – Types of muscle fibers – Motor units – Neuromuscolar junction and transmission – Ach and receptors – End-plate potential – excitation and contraction of muscle cells – Reflex circuits – stretch reflex – Golgi tendon organs – Inverse miothatic reflex – Flexor reflex – Motor Cortex – Descending spinal tracts – Vestibular system – Hair cells and mechanosensory transduction – Vestibular reflexes – The cerebellum – Anatomy and of the cerebellar cortex – Afferent system to cerebellum – Cerebellar nuclei and efferent system – Cerebellar circuits.

 

Cardiovascular System Properties of cardiac tisseus – Sinoatrial node – Atrioventricular node – Bundle of His and Purkinje fibers – Autorhythmicity and Pacemaker potentials – Myocardial potentials – Myocardial contraction – Cardiac Cycle – Myocardial autoregolation and the Starling law – Extrinsic control of myocardial function – Overview of the electrocardiogram – Principles of hemodynamics – Pressure and flow in the aorta and arteries – Effects of posture – The cardiovascular control system – Baroreceptors – Responses to   pressure fluctuations – Neural control of the heart - The vasomotor tone -  Neural vasocontriction and vasodilatation – Humoral control – Capillaries and lynphatic vessels – Capillary pressure and flow – Transcapillary exchange – Colloid osmotic pressure – Starling hypothesis for capillary exchanges – Pulmonary circulation.

 

The kidney and body fluids Volume and composition of the body fluids -  Functional anatomy of the kidney – Glomerular filtration – Peritubular capillaries - Clearance concept – Clerance of Inulin and the glomerular filtration rate – Tubular secretion - Clearance of PAH and the determination of blood flow – Tubular reabsorption – Glucose and transfer maximum concept – Transport of Sodium and Chloride – Transport of Urea – Urine concentration and dilution – Water excretion – The countercurrent mechanism – ADH – Juxtaglomerular apparatus - Renin/Angiotensin/Aldosterone axis – Overview of the  acid-base balance.

 

The respiratory system Organization of the respiratory system – Conducting airways – Anatomic dead space – Alveolar air spaces – Lung volumes and capacities – Respiratory movements – Work of breathing – Pulmonary surfactant - Pulmonary compliance - Gaseous composition of the air – Partial pressures of the respiratory gases -  Gas exchanges – Transport of oxygen by the blood – Structure of hemoglobin and chemical function – Oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve - Influence of Temperature, pH and PCO₂ on the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve – Bohr effect - Transport of carbon dioxide by the blood –  Interaction of PO₂/PCO₂ in the blood - Haldane effect – Ventilation/Perfusion of the lung – Control of ventilation – Peripheral and central chemoreceptors – Respiratory centers in the pons - Apneustic and Pneumotaxic centers – Bulbar centers – Dorsal and ventral respiratory groups – Generation of the respiratory rhytm - Overview of the  acid-base balance.

 

The gastrointestinal system Overview of the digestive processes – Salivary glands -  Secretion,  Components, functions of saliva – The enteric nervous system - Gastric function – Acid secretion – Pepsinogen secretion - Gastrin release – Intrinsic factor secretion - Phases of the gastric secretion – Basal phase – Cephalic phase – Gastric phase – Intestinal phase – The gastric diffusion barrier  – Gastric motor activity – Gastric filling and empting – Pancreatic secretion – Biocarbonate  and enzymatic secretion – Cholecystokinin and Secretin action on pancreatic cells – Cephalic, gastric, intestinal phases of the pancreatic secretion – Nutrient digestion and absorption – Carbohydrate, protein and lipid digestion/absorption – Overview of the hepatobiliary function – Gastrointestinal motility – Esophageal motility -  Upper and lower esophageal sphincteres – Pyloric sphincter – Intestinal motility – Migratine motor complexes.

 Pysiology of the stomatognatic appararatus - Trigeminal system – The trigeminal nerve – Tactile sensation of the face – Pain and temperature sensation in the trigeminal region – Trigeminal lemniscus – Trigeminothalamic tract- Organization of the brain stem trigeminal nuclei – Descending control of nociception – Tooth pulp innervation – Odontoblasts – Hydrodynamic theory – Periodontal legament – Innervation of dental pulp blood vessels – Temporomandibular articulation – Posselt’s diagram – Distribution of muscle spindles and tendon organs in the muscles of mastication – Mandibular movements and mandibular posture – Proprioceptive control – Central masticatory pattern – Salivary glands and salivary glands secretion  - Innervation of salivary glands – Swallowing and neuronal control

Development of the examination
oral

Recommended reading

a)   Title: FISIOLOGIA. Dalle molecole ai sistemi integrati

b)   Author: E. Carbone, F. Cicirata, G. Aicardi

c)    Publisher: EdiSES

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